Howard Zinn Defines American Exceptionalism As The Belief

Howard Zinn defines American exceptionalism as the belief â€Å"...that the United States alone has the right, whether it be divine sanction or moral obligation, to bring civilization, or democracy, or liberty to the rest of the world, by violence if necessary.† The American exceptionalist ideology has domestic implications found in political rhetoric and within the founding of the United States. External implications of exceptionalism are evident in American foreign policy and militaristic interventions such as Vietnam and Iraq. A new definition of has arisen, highlighting the negative implications of exceptionalism, â€Å"Roast beef and apple pie explained exceptionalism but now we are back to moldy rye bread and water.† American politicians†¦show more content†¦When American politicians use exceptionalism and the exhausted phrase â€Å"city upon a hill† to justify their decisions, policies, and actions, it violates the establishment clause and is not a sufficient justification of governmental conduct. Spreading this type of religious nationalism is not proactive in building trust in the government either. The percentage of Americans who reported trusting the government has dropped from seventy five per cent to nineteen per cent in half a century (We The People Textbook). While it does gain support, it has no correlation with an increase in political efficacy to which it appeals. The United States portrays itself as the sole country with the notion that they have a unique mission to spread the ideals of liberty and democracy. However, many other countries have a very similar outlook. At a press conference in Strasbourg, France, President Barack Obama accentuates this point. He says, â€Å"I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism,† in response to a question regarding America s unique role in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in terms of exceptionalism. Interestingly, Australian politics use a similar phrase â€Å"the light on the hill† introduced by Prime Minister, Ben Chifley, at an Association of Leadership Program Conference in 1949 (Speech by Ben Chifley). Chifley’s speech has resonated with Australians to justify the

Border Blues the Dilemma of Illegal Immigration - 791 Words

Border Blues: The Dilemma of Illegal Immigration By: Farai Chideya I. Research Question: Immigration is a rapid growing issue for the United States. For a long time people from other countries have been coming here to look for bigger and better things for themselves, as well as for their families. This article digs to the core of the issue, illegal immigration. Chideya wanted to know three things: 1) What is the reality behind the perceptions of Mexican Americans, 2) How do the residents of El Paso look upon the Mexicans, and 3) How do Mexican-Americans see themselves and their cousins across the border. II. Theoretical Perspectives: A. Realism is a big part for the conflict of illegal immigration. The idea behind realism is†¦show more content†¦Yet they, again, make the decision to stay. Diana says that to her America is better because even though there are barriers between illegals and others, America is still the â€Å"Land of Opportunity.† I imagine most â€Å"illegals† feel this way. Otherwise, we would not be discussing this topic as a  "problem.† D. Idealism is a qualitative and individualistic approach to research. Chideya’s interviews with the people in the article were open-ended. She talked to people on both sides of the issue: the border patrol and the border crossers. She wanted to know how the border patrol deals with immigrants that are caught crossing the border illegally. And she wants to know how immigrants, who have successfully crossed the border, deal with life in America as an â€Å"illegal alien.† E. Symbolic Interactionism is shown, particularly, in Chideya’s interview with Diana about school. Diana mentions how she started to feel inferior when she told her teacher she was illegal. The teacher responded â€Å"Honey, don’t say that out loud. You could get your parents in a lot of trouble.† Diana also mentions how her feelings of inferiority are due to the things she can’t do, like apply for college. So she doesn’t apply but she works menial jo bs instead. She is hoping to apply for a green card to overcome these barriers. F. Conflict Theory is evident in this article in the most literal aspect ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesRecent immigration has not only increased since the end of World War 2, but also gained momentum, reaching numbers in the 1990s. The national origin of US immigrants also changed sharply over the past fifty years. Before 1960, the vast majority came from European countries or Canada. Even as late as the 1950s, more than two-thirds of all arrivals were from these countries. During 1960s, however, when family reunification criteria rather than national origin quotas became the basis for allocatingRead MoreThe Debate Over Controversy : Turning Heads, White, And Blue Soil Of America897 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversy are turning heads, making newspaper headlines, and circulating the public’s atmosphere, concerning whether or not to enhanc e the Citizenship Clause. Based on the 14th amendment, anyone, no matter what race, born on the proud red, white, and blue soil of America has the right to become a citizen of the United States, similar to the â€Å"Birthright Citizenship Rule†. The Citizenship Clause curtails the Birthright Citizenship in certain cases. For example, the offspring of diplomats, attacking soldiersRead MoreFactors Keeping the European Neighborhood Policy From Reaching Its Full Potential1821 Words   |  8 PagesEuropean Union is constantly being challenged by ongoing dilemma of how to properly handle the immigration issues across its borders as well as increasing human mobility at the same time. In spite of the economic progress that the European Union has made through its proud and favorable Schengen Agreements, some argues that its loosed organized, problematic immigration structures was the direct springs that causes the skyrocketing illegal immigration cases and conflicts between ethnic mi nority groups.Read MoreEffective Law Enforcement and Less Crime Essay1957 Words   |  8 Pagesenforcement officials. Racial profiling should be a legitimate part of law enforcement because it gives law enforcement the means to arrest suspects that are or about to commit a crime, helps prevent and deter crime from happening, and prevents illegal immigration and drug smuggling. It is believed amongst minority groups that law enforcement, especially police, are essentially one part of a racist institution. Our laws that are set forth by the courts and correction systems regarding the libertiesRead MoreRohingya Problem in Bangladesh6891 Words   |  28 Pages2012, 800,000 Rohingya live in Burma. According to the United Nations, they are one of the most persecuted minorities in the world.  Many Rohingya have fled to  ghettos  and  refugee camps  in neighbouring Bangladesh, and to areas along the  Thai-Burma border. Their plight came to international media attention in the wake of the  2012 Rakhine State riots. ------------------------------------------------- Etymology The term Rohingya comes from  Rohang, the Rohingya word for the state of  Arakan, from whereRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesproduction and global markets, the spread of wage labor, the growth and extraction of food and resources to feed those workers, the revolution of transportation technologies, and the accompanying creation of an international system of nation states, borders, and population management techniques. Cities were the epicenter of this world in transformation, and one of the main magnets for migrants. In 1800, 6 million people lived in the largest ten cities of the world. By 2000, this had grown to moreRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 Pagesthat enables movie piracy raises a number of significant issues, such as intellectual property rights, fair use, and the role of government in regulating these issues. Furthermore, information technology makes it easier than ever to cross national borders, adding international implications to the issue of movie piracy. The Solution To deal with movie piracy, picture studio executives attacked several aspects of the problem simultaneously. First, media companies tried to shape public opinion in a wayRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages..................................................................................... 250 Straw Man Fallacy.............................................................................................................................. 251 False Dilemma Fallacy....................................................................................................................... 253 Fallacy of Faulty Comparison .....................................................................................Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesIssues 336 Summary 336 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 337 Key Terms 337 338 HRM Workshop Failure to Reach Agreement 354 Strikes versus Lockouts 355 Impasse-Resolution Techniques 355 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: The Striker Replacement Dilemma 356 Critical Issues for Unions Today 356 Union Membership: Where Have the Members Gone? 357 WORKPLACE ISSUES: The Union Summer 358 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 338 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 338 Case ApplicationRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesThis increase means that non-whites will compose about 28% of the U.S. labor force by 2006. Also, with 36% of all children under age 18 being non-white, the demographic shifts to greater racial/ethnic diversity are likely to continue. In addition, immigration of individuals into the United States is heavily weighted toward non-whites. The importance of all these shifts is that HR professionals must ensure that diverse groups are managed and treated equitably in organizations. Also, HR professionals will

Company Law Tutorial Free Essays

Company law tutorial question year 3 Semester1. 1. â€Å"Under the ordinary rules of law, a present company and a subsidiary company, even a 100 per cent subsidiary company, are distinct legal entities and in the absence of an agency contract between the two companies, one cannot be said to be the agent of the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Company Law Tutorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now This seems to be clearly established by the rule in Salomon v. A. Salomon Co. Ltd. † Critically discuss. 2. â€Å"The principle laid down in Foss v. Harbottle continues to create a significant obstacle to minority shareholder action. Discuss. 3. Layton Co. Ltd. , private company with Articles in the form of Table A, has in its memorandum, the following clauses: â€Å"The objects for which the company is established are: (i) to manufacture, process and distribute computer software and CD Roms; (ii) to purchase and hold property, to borrow or to lend money, and to dispose of funds or property owned by the company; and (iii) to do anything that is in the opinion of the directors necessary to make profits from the use of the assets of the company. † Geoff and Marcia, two of the directors of Layton Co. Ltd. , own approximately 20 percent of the shares in Layton Co. Ltd. Stacy, a director, unbeknown to the board of directors, purports to enter into a contract with High State Developers Ltd. , â€Å"on behalf of Layton Co. Ltd. ,† for the construction of a health spa for stressed executives. In order to secure machinery, Stacy writes to Health Fanatic Inc. , on Layton Co. Ltd. ‘s stationery, offering Health Fanatic Inc. the contract to provide technical training for any staff employed by the spa. Health Fanatic Inc. accepts the offer. Layton Co. Ltd. , now refuses to build he health spa due to a depression in the market and is consequently not in need of Health Fanatic Inc. ‘s services. Discuss. 4. Tamara and Kathy have been conducting business as artefact restorers for several years. In January, 1999, Tamara and Kathy decided to incorporate their business. In order to facilitate the building of the registered head office of the company, Tamara purchased land from her grandfather for$50,000. Meanwhile, Kathy executed a contract on behalf of Heritage Ltd. , engaging the services of Sherry, a geology expert, to carry out a geological survey. Sherry submitted a report headed â€Å"subject to confirmation† which stated that the land was suitable for building a multistoried complex and that there was evidence of mineral deposits. In June 2004, Heritage Ltd. was incorporated as a public company with Tamara, Kathy and Bill as its directors. Tamara promptly sold the parcel of land to Heritage Ltd. for $2. 2 million and submitted an invoice for $70,000 for services rendered prior to the incorporation of Heritage Ltd. In April 2005, Tamara, unbeknown to the board, enters into an agreement with Jump Up Inc. or the acquisition of a fleet of trucks. It is customary for Heritage Ltd. to lease trucks as acquisition is extremely costly. Advise. The capital of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. consists of fully paid up ordinary and preference shares. The governing regulations of Bush Tea Co Ltd. provide as follows: â€Å"17(a) Preference shareholders shall receive a cumulative preference dividend of 5% half yearly; and (b)Two votes shall be at tached to each preference share issued. † Due to an outbreak of the Pink Mealy bug disease, the production of bush tea has dramatically declined. The board of directors of Bush Tea Co. Ltd. proposes to alter clause 17(a) of the governing regulations to reduce the preference dividend from 5% to 2% and to move a resolution to increase the voting rights of ordinary shareholders. Advise the preference shareholders. 5. In 2001, Mr. Ingenious decided to build condominiums on a parcel of beach front property which he had purchased in 1996 for $40,000. On March 26th, 2001, Mr. Ingenious instructed Mr. Safe Guard, an attorney-at-law, to incorporate a company to be called Beach Haven Ltd. to manage the condominiums. Immediately after leaving Mr. Safe Guard’s office, Mr. Ingenious entered into an oral agreement on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. with Fast Seal Cement Ltd. for the supply of building blocks for the construction of the condominiums. The company, Beach Haven Ltd. , was eventually incorporated, in January, 2002. Its board of directors consists of Mr. Ingenious, Mr. Deke, Ms. Peta-Gaye and Ms. Jayanti. At the directors’ meeting of February, 2002, the board of directors resolved to purchase the beach front property from Mr. Ingenious for $1million. Unfortunately, due to a slump in the real estate market Beach Haven Ltd. s profits declined significantly. It has been discovered that, prior to incorporation, Mr. Ingenious contracted with Wire Steel Inc. , signing on behalf of Beach Haven Ltd. , for the supply of 12 tons of high-tension steel at a price well above the market price. Mr. Deke, in March, 2003, hired his girlfriend, as a consultant, for $10,000 per month without board approval. The cement blocks pu rportedly purchased on Beach Haven Ltd. ‘s behalf are discovered to be of inferior quality. Advise Beach Haven Ltd. 6. Sashawa Enterprises Ltd. (SE Ltd. ) is a public company incorporated in Jambah. The Articles of Association of SE Ltd. are in the form of Table A. The objects clause of the Memorandum of Association contain the following provisions: (a)To carry on the business of the manufacture of textiles and clothing apparel; (b)To borrow money; (c)To do all such things which in the opinion of the directors may be conveniently carried out by the company. In January, 2001, Michael and Midge, two directors of SE Ltd. , contracted with Caribbean Construction Ltd. to build a coffee shop on premises adjacent to the corporate headquarters of SE Ltd. To finance this project SE Ltd. orrowed $5 million from Careless Bank Ltd. This loan was approved quickly, since Careless Bank Ltd. was a long standing customer of SE Ltd. and Careless Bank Ltd. was satisfied of Caribbean Construction Ltd. ‘s credit worthiness. After the events of September 11th, 2001, the profits of SE Ltd. declined considerably. SE Ltd. is no longer interested in constructing the coffee shop and is refusing to p ay both Caribbean Construction Ltd. and Careless Bank Ltd. Nevertheless SE Ltd. is desirous of donating $12 million dollars to the International War Relief Fund. Discuss. How to cite Company Law Tutorial, Essay examples

News Gamer E-Marketing Plan

Question: Discuss about the News Gamer E-Marketing Plan. Answer: Introduction The gaming industry has grown rapidly with every games developer seeking to have a solid market segment that keeps growing. Finding a niche and a firm customer base is important for a gaming company to stay afloat. Vision The vision that our company possesses is to be able, in the short term and in the long term, to provide entertainment and fun through our games that portray the possibilities that underlie current events, and in a comic manner. We thus provide or customers with timely interactive games that are easily accessible on mobile devices and in particular smart phones and tablets. News Gamer is a company that is comprised of efficient software developers given our solid experience in game making. We will therefore create timely games quickly. So as to attract market visibility fast, we shall leverage a multi-prolonged approach that entails the use of email marketing, social media, and optimization strategies to acquire market share. From the great experience expected for our customers, our company can also to some extent rely on word of mouth marketing. Objectives We have put down specific objectives that will guide our business activities. One of our goals is to get four consulting game development projects by the end of 12 months. We also expect to generate over $400,000 by end of first year; and by end of the second year, increase sales by 100%. The projection is as shown in the following bar graph, figure 1. Our objective in the long run is to be the leading game developer in terms of quality, uniqueness, audience, and revenue. Figure 1 SWOT analysis The following is an analysis of News Gamers business SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) based on subsequent analysis, survey results, general observations of the gaming industry, and external references. Strengths Our News Gamer Company is founded in Australia and that forms the basis of the first strength we have as a mobile games developer. We have access to the support provided by the government to the gaming industry which is in form of market access and funding. The second strong point that we have is that the level of English proficiency in Australia, which makes for our base market, and in majority of countries worldwide is relatively high. Most of our games come in English language. In 2016, Australia was ranked No.15 in ease of doing business by the World Bank (The World Bank 2016). That ease comes as our third strength as it boosts our business. The fourth advantage that we have over many mobile games developers is that our customers, and intended customers, are ICT and internet users who have high literacy. Opportunities One of the chance that we have at our disposal as News Gamer is the ability to get more WFH tasks from anchor companies from across the globe. The second opportunity is that of enlarging demand for games due to the multiple screens per user in Australia. As the trend of free-to-play-games grows, the demand for more games content will subsequently increase and so will the platform for in-game marketing (Nieborg 2016). The third opportunity is the countrys business friendly policies which will encourage more investment by our gaming company into our business. With the rapid growth of Wireless Fidelity growth, such as 4G to 5G, and accessibility, downloading and online-playing of mobile video game gets even better (Kadir, et al 2015); that honing is our fourth opportunity to grow business and increase sales. Weaknesses One of the weaknesses is the imbalance in game talent pool. According to Millington and John, there are many game artists and few game programmers, and it slows down the growth of video games industry (2016). Second is inadequate access to international game markets. Thirdly, monetization is at times a problem despite the high usage of credit cards. A majority of game players use prepaid options when playing the games on their mobile phones; it is usually difficult to monetize this group. Threats The first threat is that most gamers have a preference for games with western titles. Secondly, the gaming industry may in future lack support from the official games association due to market flooding, and it would pose problems to News Gamer and other games developers. Thirdly, there is a global lack of adequate game publishers and distribution channels to publish the games; this makes it a very expensive affair. Fourth, with accelerating technological advancements, games made for current technology might prove useless in the near future. Customer The first category of News Gamers target customers are teens, and young adults below 45 years. This group mainly prefers free mobile games; thus, to them it is wise to offer trimmed back versions of a game and they will get to have partial experience of the game without paying up front (Chess, Nathaniel, and Joyya 46). We will also disable some features in the games but still have advertisements display at strategic locations within the game. The second category of our customers is organizations that want to reach the youth and young adults through advertisements. Organizations purchase custom mobile game development services with the intention of promoting their products and brand (Hofacker, et al 33). This group will use paid mobile games which have a broader range of features. The price will be between $1.99 and $4.99 to avoid price resistance from customers. Company Our company has been in existence for a considerable period of time and our online presence has been quite good. We will however need to create websites for our individual games, and the websites will have links to our other games. Moreover our games will need to be compatible with mobile downloads. Competitors In the gaming industry, there is much competition from developers internationally; these are companies that are doing well such as Microsoft, Gameloft, etc., (Cabras, et al 2016). That is why we felt the need to find a niche to be able to stand completion and stay relevant. We, thus, base the content of our games on current events, political and social. Change As change inevitable, our company will be ready to embrace it as it comes and adjust accordingly. With time new governments will come to power and, hence, gaming policies may change. Currently the political environment is considerate of the gaming industry. Technology will keep advancing and our company must be ready to prepare games that are compatible with the technology of a time. Marketing strategy Every mobile games developer should be aware of the marketing environment of these games; which keeps evolving as technology, software and hardware, and population grows (Jin 9). To meet the target audience, there are effective steps that should be implemented by a game owner, and which News Gamer will be sure to implement. One of the steps will be to give the mobile app a home on the web to make it searchable on search engines, to provide more information on the game, and for ease of access. The second move will be to ask players for feedback and reviews so as to gain better insight on how the game is fairing. As a third move, we will create forums for customers to discuss our mobile games. Fourthly, we will get social with our own games especially through social media platforms. Fifth, as a games developer, we shall get to partner with leading mobile games owners or developers. Partnership with other developers helps with learning the app launching process, and expanding the network of potential customers (Reichheld 2001). Finally, previews of our mobile games will get shared in form of videos across different video sharing platforms such as, Daily Motion, YouTube, etc. Our emphasis will be on creativity so as to bring out humor from a current event. It will also be on efficient service and speed to the market because of the nature of our games. The games will need to hit the market as early as possible before the said events get overtaken by incoming trends. Our main goal is to establish a reputation for games that poke fun at ridiculous and humorous actions by famous people. Every game will have a link to our website where users can get more information and subscribe to our email list, and also follow us on Facebook and Twitter. Gantt chart e-Marketing Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Beta testing: Choose An Email Service Provider X X Pre-launch: Pull Together A Pre-Launch Page X X Pre-launch: Add An Email Subscription Form To App X Pre-launch: Experiment With Other List-Building Tactics X X Create First Email Campaign X X Launch Your App With Email X Budjet Following is figure 2, a marketing expense budget for our year 1 e-marketing activities and it has been broken down by months. Figure 2: The following budget, figure 3, is our marketing expenses budget for the next three years. Figure 3: Below, figure 4, is our sales forecast for the first three years. The sales will be generated through game downloads, game sponsorships, and custom games for sponsorships. Figure 4: We also have the monthly sales forecast for year one as shown in figure 5 that follows. Figure 5: Then there is the phased return on investment as shown in the following figure 6. Figure 6: References Cabras, Ignazio, et al. "Exploring survival rates of companies in the UK video-games industry: an empirical study." Technological Forecasting and Social Change (2016). Chess, Shira, Nathaniel J. Evans, and Joyya JaDawn Baines. "What Does a Gamer Look Like? Video Games, Advertising, and Diversity." Television New Media 18.1 (2017): 37-57. Hofacker, Charles F., et al. "Gamification and mobile marketing effectiveness." Journal of Interactive Marketing 34 (2016): 25-36. Jin, Dal Yong. "The Emergence of Asian Mobile Games: Definitions, Industries, and Trajectories." Mobile Gaming in Asia: Politics, Culture and Emerging Technologies (2017): 3-20. Kadir, Evizal Abdul, et al. "Big Data Network Architecture and Monitoring Use Wireless 5G Technology." Int. J. Advance Soft Compu. Appl 7.1 (2015). Millington, Ian, and John Funge. Artificial intelligence for games. CRC Press, 2016. Nieborg, David B. "2 Freetoplay Games and App Advertising." Explorations in Critical Studies of Advertising (2016). Reichheld, Frederick F. Loyalty rules!: how today's leaders build lasting relationships. Harvard Business Press, 2001. Shankar, Venkatesh, and Barry L. Bayus. "Network effects and competition: An empirical analysis of the home video game industry." Strategic Management Journal 24.4 (2003): 375-384. The World Bank. Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations). The World Bank (2016). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.BUS.EASE.XQ

Psychoanalysis Essays (552 words) - Freudian Psychology, Psychology

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was the first to talk about psychoanalysis, a technique that allows an individual to recount dreams but what psychologists call free association. Free association is the individual saying whatever comes to mind when something is said. Psychoanalysts encourage the unconscious mind to recall scenes, thoughts, and to reconstruct past experiences that have shaped the patients present behavior. Freud states that the personality develops in a series of stages. On the same hand, if we resolve our conflicts that arise during our life as they happen, then psychological problems in the future will not occur. That what we believe are spur of the moment decisions etc. are really influenced by the unconscious. Psychodynamic theories are written in the individual, often outside the conscious mind. Human behavior is based on unconscious instincts. Some are aggressive and destructive while others are thirsting for the necessary tools to survive. In the same breath, he says that sexual instinct is the most critical factor for the development of our personality. According to Freud, personality is formed around these structures: the Id, ego, and the super ego. The Id or instinctual needs is the only structure present at birth and is unconscious. It is the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. The ego is the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands, which are reality, conscience or superego, and Id. It contains all the thinking and reasoning. Lastly, the super ego is the social and parental standards the individual has internalized or the moral conscience of the brain. This is not present at birth, but developed over a period of time. In conclusion, I feel psychoanalysis is a good way to understand why people do what they do, and how to recognize it and have the ability to change it. Although Freud made this discovery at the turn of the century it is still an effective way to deal with current problems some individuals may have. The article I chose was The Miseducation of the Negro. In this article, the author stated that Negroes are being denied everything relating to black culture in public schools. That they are taught everything from Hebrew to Latin but denied the rest. This article also determines that when talking to certain ?high class? blacks they felt that it was not important to learn about there culture stating that, ?he didn't go to school to waste his time.? When black courses were offered in summer schools etc. they consisted of material perceiving whites as being superior to blacks. It goes on to say that regardless of education a black couldn't make it that far because of the world they are going into. To sum up the article it claims that no matter how hard an African American works they won't get far because they are forced to go back to ?where they came from? which is the group of people considered to be uneducated and unimportant. I do not agree with this article because I believe that blacks can go anywhere they want to go. When the article was written that might have been the case but as the years have went on gradual change has come. With that change, comes more opportunities for educated people in general, and especially for black Americans. Psychology Essays

How Your Actions May Be Unintentionally Racist

How Your Actions May Be Unintentionally Racist In the aftermath of the presidential election of 2016, many people have experienced relationship blowouts with friends, family, romantic partners, and colleagues over accusations of racism. Many of those who voted for Donald Trump have found themselves accused of being racist, as well as sexist, misogynist, homophobic, and xenophobic. Those making the accusations feel this way because they associate these forms of discrimination with the candidate himself, on account of statements he made and behaviors he displayed throughout the campaign, and the likely outcomes of policies and practices that he supports. But many of those accused find themselves confused and angry at the accusation, and feel that exercising their right to vote for the political candidate of their choice does not make them a racist, nor any other form of oppressor. So, who is in the right? Does voting for a certain political candidate make someone a racist? Can our actions be racist even though we dont mean them to be? Lets consider these questions from a sociological standpoint  and draw on social science theory and research to answer them. Dealing With the R Word When people are accused of being a racist in todays United States they often experience this accusation as an attack on their character. Growing up, we are taught that being racist is bad. It is considered among the worst crimes ever committed on U.S. soil, in the forms of genocide of Native Americans, enslavement of Africans and their descendants, violence and segregation during the Jim Crow era, Japanese internment, and the fierce and violent resistance shown by many to integration and the 1960s movement for Civil Rights, to name just a handful of notable cases. The way that we learn this history suggests that formal, institutional racism- that enforced by law- is a thing of the past. It follows, then, that the attitudes and behaviors among the wider population that worked to enforce racism through informal means is also (mostly) a thing of the past too. We are taught that racists were bad people who lived in our history, and because of that, the problem is largely behind us. So, its understandable that when a person is accused of racism today, it seems a ghastly thing to say, and a nearly unspeakable thing to say directly to a person. This is why, since the election, as this accusation has been hurled between family members, friends, and loved ones, relationships have blown up over social media, text, and in person. In a society that prides itself in being diverse, inclusive, tolerant, and color blind, calling someone a racist is one of the worst insults that can be made. But lost in these accusations and blowups is what racism actually means in todays world, and the diversity of forms that racist actions take. What Racism Is Today Sociologists believe that racism exists when ideas and assumptions about racial categories are used to justify and reproduce a racial hierarchy that unjustly limits access to power, resources, rights, and privileges to some on the basis of race, while at the same time giving unjust amounts of those things to others. Racism also occurs when this kind of unjust social structure is produced by the failure to account for race and the force it exerts in all aspects of society, both historically and today. By this definition of racism, a belief, worldview, or an action is racist when it supports the continuance of this kind of racially imbalanced system of power and privilege. So if you want to know whether an action is racist, then the question to ask about it is: Does it help to reproduce a racial hierarchy that gives some more power, privileges, rights, and resources than others, on the basis of race? Framing the question this way means that a variety of different kinds of thoughts and actions can be defined as racist. These are hardly limited to overt forms of racism that are highlighted in our historical narrative on the problem, like physical violence, using racial slurs, and plainly discriminating against people on the basis of race. By this definition, racism today often takes much more subtle, nuanced, and even hidden forms. To test this theoretical understanding of racism, lets examine some cases in which behavior or actions might have racist consequences, even though a person doesnt identify as a racist or intend for their actions to be racist. Dressing As an Indian for Halloween People who grew up in the 1970s or 80s are very likely to have seen kids dressed as Indians (Native Americans) for Halloween, or have gone as one at some point during their childhood. The costume, which draws on stereotypical portrayals of Native American culture and dress, including feathered headdresses, leather, and fringe clothing, remains fairly popular today and is widely available for men, women, children, and babies from a wide range of costume suppliers. No longer limited to Halloween, elements of the costume have become popular and common elements of outfits worn by attendees of music festivals across the U.S. While its unlikely that anyone who wears such a costume, or dresses their child in one, intends to be racist, dressing as an Indian for Halloween  is not as innocent as it may seem. Thats because the costume itself acts as a racial stereotype- it reduces an entire race of people, one composed of a diverse array of culturally distinct groups, to a small collection of physical elements. Racial stereotypes are dangerous because they play a crucial role in the social process of marginalizing groups of people on the basis of race, and in most cases, stripping those people of their humanity and reducing them to objects. The stereotypical image of the Indian in particular tends to fix Native Americans in the past, suggesting that they are not an important part of the present. This works to divert attention away from systems of economic and racial inequality that continue to exploit and oppress Native Americans today. For these reasons, dressing as an Indian for Halloween, or wearing any k ind of costume that is composed of racial stereotypes, is in fact an act of racism. All Lives Matter The contemporary social movement Black Lives Matter was born in 2013 following the acquittal of the man who killed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. The movement grew and came to national prominence in 2014 following the police killings of Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. The name of the movement and the widely used hashtag that catalyzed it assert the importance of Black lives because the widespread violence against Black people in the U.S. and the oppression they suffer in a society that is systemically racist suggests that their lives do  not  matter. The history of enslavement of Black people and  racism against them is premised on the belief, whether conscious or not, that their lives are expendable and inconsequential. So, members of the movement and its supporters believe that it is necessary to assert that Black lives do in fact matter, as they draw attention to racism and ways to effectively fight it. Following media attention to the movement, some began to respond to it be stating or writing on social media that all lives matter. Of course, no one can argue with this claim. It is inherently true and rings to many with an air of egalitarianism. To many it is both an obvious and harmless statement. However, when we consider it as a response to the assertion that Black lives matter, we can see that it serves to divert attention from an anti-racist social movement. And, in the context of the racial history and contemporary racism of U.S. society, it works as a rhetorical device that ignores and silences Black voices, and draws attention away from the very real problems of racism that Black Lives Matter seeks to highlight and address. Whether one means to or not, doing so works to preserve the racial hierarchy of white privilege and supremacy. So, in the context of a dire need to listen to Black people when they talk about racism and what we need to do to help end it, stating that all lives matter is a racist act. Voting for Donald Trump Voting in elections is the lifeblood of American democracy. It is both a right and a duty of every citizen, and it has long been considered taboo to denigrate or chastise those whose political views and choices differ from ones own. This is because a democracy composed of multiple parties can only function when respect and cooperation are present. But during 2016, the public comments and political positions of Donald Trump have prompted many to buck the norm of civility. Many have characterized Trump and his supporters as racist, and many relationships have been destroyed in the process. So is it racist to support Trump? To answer that question one has to understand what he represents within the racial context of the U.S. Unfortunately, Donald Trump has a long history of behaving in racist ways. Throughout the campaign and prior to it, Trump made statements that denigrated racial groups and are rooted in dangerous racial stereotypes. His history in business is blighted by examples of discrimination against people of color. Throughout the campaign Trump routinely condoned violence against people of color, and condoned through his silence the white supremacist attitudes and racist actions of people among his supporters. Politically speaking, the policies he supports, like, for example, closing and defunding family planning clinics, those related to immigration and citizenship, overturning the Affordable Healthcare Act, and his proposed income tax brackets which penalize the poor and working classes will specifically harm people of color, at greater rates than they will harm white people, if they are passed into law. In doing so, these policies will help preserve the racial hierarchy of the U.S., white p rivilege, and white supremacy. Those who voted for Trump endorsed these policies, his attitudes, and behaviorall of which fit the sociological definition of racism. So, even if a person doesnt agree that thinking and acting this way is right, even if they themselves dont think and act this way, voting for Donald Trump was an act of racism. This reality is likely a hard pill to swallow for those of you who supported the Republican candidate. The good news is, its never too late to change. If you oppose racism and want to help fight it, there are practical things you can do in your everyday life as individuals, as members of communities, and as citizens of the U.S. to help end racism.

Iraqi ommunity in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Iraqi ommunity in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example He planned to introduce various aspects of modern administration and western technology not contradicted by the principles of Islam (Abir, 1988: 4) including modern education in its various disciplines. The lack of Saudi professionals, therefore, necessitated the employment of foreign teachers and experts. To develop integrated urban cities, various measures were taken. For instance, to fulfill one aspect of this purpose, schools and hospitals were built, telephone lines and electricity were introduced, running water, roads and airfields were constructed all of which were carried out by foreign manpower and expertise, employed from all over the world. The skills of Muslim professionals as well as non-Arabs and non-Muslims were also employed in Saudi development. Most of them were recruited as teachers in universities and schools, engineers, chemists, physicians, doctors, contractors, nurses, and businessmen. There are undeniable common interests between Saudi Arabia and other countries that entailed the flow of all the skilled laborers, teachers and businessmen to Saudi Arabia during the oil boom era. Despite the turbulent relations between Saudi Arabia and Iraq until the monarchy era until the fall of Saddam regime, Saudi Arabia managed to be diplomatic and remain cautious in dealing with Iraq’s political and socio-economic issues. With the tense Saudi-Egyptian relations and the support of Nasirs to the Republic in Yemeni war, suspension of dealings with the Egyptian labor occurred. As an alternative, Saudi administration considered the feasibility of bringing qualified professionals in from Iraq. Hundreds of them arrived and occupied various professions. In addition to working as the state’s representative staff in embassies and consulates, these specialists received contracts from competent authorities which found a lack of local qualified employees.